Retail Trade Analysis Report, Fiscal Year 2015: Emmet County

This report examines local retail sales and related economic trends in Emmet County, Iowa, using a variety of comparative performance measures. The retail analysis is based on state-reported sales of goods and services that are subject to Iowa’s statewide sales tax. Please refer to the Data Notes section for detailed information about the types of retail activity included in taxable sales. The data notes also include definitions and guidelines for interpreting retail measures and other indicators in this report. Except where otherwise noted, retail sales data for preceding years have been adjusted for inflation and are stated in Fiscal Year 2015 dollar equivalents. The 2015 fiscal year began on July 1, 2014, and ended on June 30, 2015

Epididimitis ovina: Brucella ovis

Brucella ovis es una enfermedad que causa epididimitis, orquitis y disminución de la fertilidad en los carneros, con pérdidas económicas considerables. Se han informado síntomas similares en venados macho en Nueva Zelanda. Ocasionalmente, B. ovis se asocia con abortos en las ovejas, y puede causar un aumento en la mortalidad perinatal de los corderos

Summarized maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree of the GlgP amino acid sequences containing all analyzed gammaproteobacterial species.

<p>The tree was arbitrarily rooted with the alphaproteobacterial species <i>Azospirillum</i> sp. B510. The complete tree is shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0115516#pone.0115516.s010" target="_blank">S7 Fig.</a> Bootstrap support values (>70%) are indicated.</p

Summarized maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree for 16S rRNA of the analyzed gammaproteobacterial species and of the selected species belonging to main bacterial groups.

<p>Support values for the bootstrap analysis by maximum likelihood are given. The <i>Gammaproteobacteria</i> and main bacterial groups are denoted by brackets. The tree was midpoint rooted. The complete tree is shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0115516#pone.0115516.s017" target="_blank">S14 Fig.</a></p

Schematic model of glycogen metabolism.

<p>Sugar (glucose) is incorporated into the cell and successively transformed to glucose-6-P (Glc-6-P), glucose-1-P (Glc-1-P), ADP-glucose (ADPG) and glycogen. This model involves the coupled reactions of phosphoglucomutase (PGM), ADPG pyrophosphorylase (GlgC) and other (?) ADPG-generating enzyme(s) [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0115516#pone.0115516.ref019" target="_blank">19</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0115516#pone.0115516.ref020" target="_blank">20</a>], glycogen synthase (GlgA) and glycogen branching enzyme (GlgB). Glycogen catabolism is controlled by both glycogen phosphorylase (GlgP) and glycogen debranching enzyme (GlgX).</p

Arrangements of <i>glg</i> genes in the specified species.

<p>Colors indicate homologous genes. Arrows indicate the direction of transcription. Black lines indicate a physical separation between the genes and dashed lines indicate pseudogenes.</p

Summarized maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree of the GlgC amino acid sequences containing all analyzed gammaproteobacterial species.

<p>The tree was arbitrarily rooted with the alphaproteobacterial species <i>Azospirillum</i> sp. B510. The complete tree is shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0115516#pone.0115516.s008" target="_blank">S5 Fig.</a> Bootstrap support values (>70%) are indicated.</p

Genetic and isotope ratio mass spectrometric evidence for the occurrence of starch degradation and cycling in illuminated Arabidopsis leaves

<div><p>Although there is a great wealth of data supporting the occurrence of simultaneous synthesis and breakdown of storage carbohydrate in many organisms, previous ¹³CO₂ pulse-chase based studies indicated that starch degradation does not operate in illuminated Arabidopsis leaves. Here we show that leaves of <i>gwd</i>, <i>sex4</i>, <i>bam4</i>, <i>bam1/bam3</i> and <i>amy3/isa3/lda</i> starch breakdown mutants accumulate higher levels of starch than wild type (WT) leaves when cultured under continuous light (CL) conditions. We also show that leaves of CL grown <i>dpe1</i> plants impaired in the plastidic disproportionating enzyme accumulate higher levels of maltotriose than WT leaves, the overall data providing evidence for the occurrence of extensive starch degradation in illuminated leaves. Moreover, we show that leaves of CL grown <i>mex1/pglct</i> plants impaired in the chloroplastic maltose and glucose transporters display a severe dwarf phenotype and accumulate high levels of maltose, strongly indicating that the MEX1 and pGlcT transporters are involved in the export of starch breakdown products to the cytosol to support growth during illumination. To investigate whether starch breakdown products can be recycled back to starch during illumination through a mechanism involving ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) we conducted kinetic analyses of the stable isotope carbon composition (δ¹³C) in starch of leaves of ¹³CO₂ pulsed-chased WT and AGP lacking <i>aps1</i> plants. Notably, the rate of increase of δ¹³C in starch of <i>aps1</i> leaves during the pulse was exceedingly higher than that of WT leaves. Furthermore, δ¹³C decline in starch of <i>aps1</i> leaves during the chase was much faster than that of WT leaves, which provides strong evidence for the occurrence of AGP-mediated cycling of starch breakdown products in illuminated Arabidopsis leaves.</p></div

Leaves of different starch breakdown mutants display a high starch content phenotype when cultured under continuous light conditions.

<p>(A) Iodine staining and (B) starch content in leaves of WT and the indicated starch breakdown mutants cultured under CL conditions. Leaves were harvested at the 18 days after sowing (DAS) growth stage. In “B” values represent the means ± SE determined from three independent experiments using 6 plants in each experiment. Asterisks indicate significant differences with respect to WT plants according to Student´s t-tests (<i>p</i><0.05).</p

Amyloglucosidase releases carbon compounds other than starch glucose molecules from Arabidopsis leaf ethanol precipitates.

<p>The graphic shows the total carbon (TOC) and the starch carbon content in amyloglucosidase digests of WT (Col-<i>0</i>) and <i>aps1</i> leaves. Values represent the means ± SE determined from three independent experiments using 6 plants in each experiment.</p